Proximity
Objects placed close together are perceived as related, making grouping and hierarchy clear
Space Signals Connection
Distance between elements implies the strength of their connection
Distance Hierarchy
Closer items have stronger perceived relationships, increase whitespace to signal a different relationship
Modularity
Break content into digestible chunks using proximity to structure information.
When to Use
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Group related items in navigation menus
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Cluster form fields and labels for clarity
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Use spacing to show logical content sections
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Organize cards or lists by category
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Group CTAs with relevant information
When Not to Use
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When unrelated items are grouped too closely
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If spacing is needed to emphasize key elements
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When dense layouts overwhelm users
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If proximity overrides the need for whitespace
Common Pitfalls
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Overcrowding elements, reducing readability
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Grouping unrelated items, causing confusion
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Failing to differentiate mobile tap targets
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Ignoring the balance of spacing and grouping
See how Proximity works in real design
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The Gestalt Principle of Proximity for Designers, Explained
Built In / Lukas Oppermann
The Gestalt Principle of Proximity for Designers, Explained
Built In / Lukas Oppermann
Gestalt Theory for UX Design: Principle of Proximity
tubik / Marina Yalanska
Gestalt Theory for UX Design: Principle of Proximity
tubik / Marina Yalanska
The Law of Proximity
Interaction Design Foundation
The Law of Proximity
Interaction Design Foundation
Gestalt Principles of Design — Proximity
Christopher Butler
Gestalt Principles of Design — Proximity
Christopher Butler
Proximity Principle in Visual Design
Nielson Norman Group / Aurora Harley
Proximity Principle in Visual Design
Nielson Norman Group / Aurora Harley